RBSE Class 10 Social Science Solutions Economics Chapter 1 Development

 RBSE Class 10 Social Science Development In Text Questions and Answers

Page - 4

Question 1. 
Let us try to imagine what development or progress is likely to mean to different persons listed in Table 1.1. What are their aspirations? You will find that some columns are partially filled.
Try to complete the table. You can also add any other category of persons.
Answer:

TABLE 1.1 DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF PERSONS
Category of person	Developmental Goals/Aspirations
Landless rural labourers	More days of work and better wages, local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
Prosperous farmers from Punjab	Assured a high family income through higher support prices for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers, they should be able to settle their children abroad
Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops	Better irrigation infrastructure facilities; Financial security to save him from natural calamities; Better government, crop insurance policy, minimum support price ensured by the government authority.
A rural woman from a land owning family	Increase in production, good crops and increase in income.
Urban unemployed youth	A stable job and career; skill based education for prospective growth; buying a house for him/herself.
A boy from a rich urban family	Freedom to choose his career; have resources like house and cars for himself.
A girl from a rich urban family	She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. For e.g. Higher education.
An adivasi from Narmada valley	Fertile land in replacement of his acquired land employment opportunities; support from minimum basics of life from the government authorities.

 

Page - 6 (Let's work these out)

Question 1. 
Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Answer:
The notion of development is different for different persons because people have different life situations and their needs are also different. So on the basis of their needs, aims or aspirations are different from people to people. From above two statements the second statement is the most appropriate statement.

Question 2. 
Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
Answer:
The above two statements (a) and (b) have different meanings.
(a) The goals of different people are different because their situations are also different and according to their situations their needs are also different and due to different needs their aims are also different.

(b) People have different development aims and it is not necessary that their aims are conflicting. But sometimes due to differences in the needs of people their aims become different. For example : To get more electricity, industrialists may need more dams, but it may be a contradictory goal for the life of tribals and so it will be a conflicting aim for tribals.

Question 3. 
Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
Answer:
Except income there are other aspects which affect our life. For example-

• Equal treatment 
• Freedom and Security 
• Respect for others 
• Equitable distribution of income.

Question 4. 
Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own words.
Answer:

• The above section discusses the importance of income for an individual and his/ her other development goals.
• What I have understood from this section is that though income constitutes the determining factor in an individual's life, yet there are other things which make life worthwhile.
• For some people, their income might provide them with a certain level of security and confidence.
• There may be other people whose life circumstances might allow them the space to pursue other things in life. Also, it needs to be kept in mind that everything cannot be bought by money.
• In order to lead a peaceful life, respect from society, freedom from discrimination, cordial relationships with people around us, and other such aspects are equally important. 

 

Page - 7 (Let's work these out) 

Discuss the following situations-

Question 1. 
Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?
Answer:
A big building is seen in the picture and it is surrounded by slum area.
In this situation the developmental-aims will be that :

• There should be facility of clear and pucca houses for the people living in slum areas.
• Clean water, electricity, educational facilities, medical facilities and other necessities of life should be available to the people of those areas.
• There should be employment opportunities for the people so that they can progress.
• There should be sufficient supply of necessary goods.

Question 2. 
Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow :
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning.
A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Answer:
(i) According to this report, a multinational company and a ship company of the Ivory coast were benefitted from this, because the companies were successful in disposing off wastes in less time and less cost. But due to highly toxic waste, people of Ivory coast suffered from nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc.

(ii) The aims for development in this country are as follows

• Various factories and companies should be away from residential areas.
• There should be appropriate waste disposal policy so that environment can be protected.
• There should be better medical facilities for common people.

 

Question 3. 
What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality ?
Answer:
In present time, with the increasing pollution in Jaipur region, measures and schemes need to be adopted so as to ward off the danger looming large on people lives. Immediate resolution in addition with long-term goals constitute the prime developmental goal for our city. secondly with the increasing inflation in the economy price stability methods to control the situation from worsening and for the access to food resources for all is the need of the day. Apart from these two goals, provision of infrastructural facilities for the people of the city keeping sustainability in mind constitutes the developmental goals for our region.

Page - 9 (Let's work these out)

Question 1. 
Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
Answer:
An averge is used for comparing data for two or more particulars are :

• For comparison of income.
• For comparison of marks obtained in the examination.
• For comparison of achievement of cricket players.

Question 2. 
Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
Answer:
To compare various countries, national income, is an important indicator, but per capita income is a better indicator of development because the population of different nations is different. So, on the basis of national income, it is difficult to compare the nations. That's why average income or per capita income is better indicator of development.

 

Question 3. 
Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
Answer:
Besides per capita income, equitable distribution of income, health facilities and public facilities etc. can be used as the indicators of development to compare two or more nations.

Question 4. 
Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with an example.
Answer:
If there is continuous increase in average income of a country, it does not mean that all sectors of the country are becoming better. It may happen that one sector perform better or other may not, but there may be increase in average income. For example, average income of India is increasing continuously after independence but growth of agriculture has decreased. 

Page - 12 (Let's work these out)

Question 1. 
Look at data in Table 1.3 and 1.4. Is Haryana ahead of Kerala in literacy rate etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?
Answer:

TABLE 1.3 PER CAPITA INCOME OF SELECT STATES
State	Per Capita Income (in ₹)
Haryana Kerala Bihar	1,80,174 1,63,475  34,409

Source: Economic Survey 2018-19. A29.

TABLE 1.4 SOME COMPARATIVE DATA ON HARYANA, KERALA AND BIHAR 

State	Infant Mortality Rate per 1,000 live births 2017	Literacy Rate % 2011	Net Attendance (per 100 persons) secondary stage (age 14 and 15 years) 2013-14
Haryana Kerala Bihar	30 10 35	82 94 62	61 83 43

Source: Economic survey 2018-19. A160, Government of India; National Sample Survey Organisation (Report No. 575).
Answer:
No, Haryana is not ahead of Bihar in literacy rate. Literacy rate in Kerala is 94% while in Haryana it is 82% in 2011.
But, Haryana is ahead of Kerala in Per Capita Income. Per Capita Income of Kerala is 1,63,475 whereas Per Capita Income of Haryana is ₹1,80,174.

 

Question 2. 
Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
Answer:
There are many examples that it is the cheapest and the best way to provide goods collectively rather than individually. For example-

• To have collective security for the whole locality.
• To arrange educational facilities through government.
• To get medical facilities through government.
• To adopt public transportation facilities.

Question 3. 
Does availability of good health and educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
Answer:
No, the availability of good medical facilities and good educational facilities do not depend only on the government expenditure. Many other factors are also important in this respect such as-

• Willingness of parents to spend on education and health
• Income of the family.
• Awareness of parents toward education and health.
• Co-operation between public & private sector in health & education.

Question 4. 
In Tamil Nadu, 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in west Bengal only 35 per cent of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?
Answer:
The living standard of people of Tamil Nadu would be better as they will be getting necessary goods at cheaper price and they will be able to consume goods in sufficient quantity so their living standard would be better than the people of Jharkhand. 

 

Activity - Page - 12

Study Table 1.5 carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table. 
Educational Achievement of Rural Population of Uttar Pradesh 

Answer:
(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is 76% or rural males and 54% for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend school but that there are many students who are currently not in school.

(b) It is clear from the table that 18% of rural girls and 15% of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as 13% for rural females and 10% for rural males.

(c) This high level of illiteracy among 10 to 14 age group, even after more than seven decades of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realization of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.

RBSE Class 10 Social Science Development Textbook Questions and Answers

Question 1. 
Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) its per capita income 
(ii) its average literacy level 
(iii) health status of the people 
(iv) all the above 
Answer:
(iv) all the above

Question 2. 
Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh 
(ii) Sri Lanka 
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan 
Answer:
(ii) Sri Lanka

 

Question 3. 
Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ₹ 5000. If the income of three families is ₹ 4000, ₹ 7000 and ₹ 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family? 
(i) ₹ 7,500
(ii) ₹ 3,000 
(iii) ₹ 2,000
(iv) ₹ 6,000 
Answer:
(iv) ₹ 6,000

Question 4. 
What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer:
Per capita income is used to classify the nations into various categories by the world bank. On the basis of per-capita income the world bank has divided the nation into developed and undeveloped countries. The limitations of per capita income are as follows-

• Per capita income does not explain about the distribution of income. On the basis of equal distribution of income one nation can be better than other even though the per capita income may be same.
• Per capita income is an insufficient indicator of economic development.

Question 5. 
In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer:
According to World Bank per capita income is the indicator to measure economic development of the country whereas U.N.D.P. includes educational levels of the people, their health status with per capita income. That's why UNDP's criterion is considered better than World Bank.

Question 6. 
Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer:
We use averages for comparison of income. How people of one country are better than other nations? Average income is calculated by dividing total national income by population.

Due to difference in population of nations. national income is not an appropriate indicator of development and per capita income is considered better than national income.

Limitation of Averages- Average income (per-capita income) is not the only factor important for development. This factor hides the other important factor, distribution of income which also affects development. Higher average income along with equitable distribution of income is considered favourable for the development. For example- There may be an increase in per capita income of the nation and with this there may be an increase in equalities of income and wealth.

 

Question 7. 
Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Haryana. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Or 
“Inspite of higher average income Haryana is lower than Kerala in human development index, so average income is not a useful indicator of human development”. Give any three arguments in favour of the statement.
Answer:
Generally, average income is used to compare development level of various states but human development cannot be measured with the help of per-capita income. Because-
(i) Human development cannot be measured on the basis of average income.

(ii) Educational standard, level of medical facilities, poverty and social facilities etc. are also important indicators of human development. So only average income is not sufficient indicator to compare various states.

For example- In India per-capita income of Haryana is more than per capita income of Kerala but if we compare human development index of both the states we will find that standard of human development in Kerala is better than Haryana.

(iii) Sex-ratio is favourable in Kerala as compared to Haryana. Besides Public facilities are better in Kerala than that of Haryana.
On the basis of per capita income we cannot compare human development of various states.

Question 8. 
Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer:
There are two types of energy sources used in India-
(1) Conventional Sources- (i) Coal, (ii) Petroleum, (iii) Natural Gas, (iv) Electricity.
(2) Non-conventional Sources- (i) Wind energy, (ii) Solar energy, (iii) Bio Gas, (iv) Nuclear energy, (v) Tidal energy.

In coming fifty years there are numerous opportunities in the field of energy. In India traditional sources of energy are being continuously exploited and searched, so there are possibilities of increase in their production in coming years. Except these, use of non-conventional sources of energy is increasing day by day. The important amongst them are solar energy, hydro energy, wind energy, biogas and other alternative sources of energy.

Question 9. 
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Or 
Write a short note on sustainable development.
Answer:
Sustainable economic development means that development should take place without damaging the environment, and development in the present should not be compromised with the needs of the future generations. It gives emphasis on present as well as future development. It also promotes environment conservation. So it is necessary for future development of nation.

 

Question 10. 
“The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer:
This statement is relevant to the discussion of development because this implies that the human beings are over utilizing the natural resources of the earth with the name of development and industrial revolution. Earth provides enough resources to meet the needs of all but today's man has become so greedy that he for his progress and development, resorts to excessive demand of resources, which leads to over utilization and wastage of resources. Due to this selfishness or greed inequalities among people increase and the natural resources are scarce. If the people continue to do the same, natural resources will not be sufficient to fulfil the needs of the people.

Question 11. 
List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer:
Examples of environment degradation-

• There has been continuous increase in means of transportation, which increases air pollution and sound pollution.
• Increase in number of factories leads to water and air pollution.
• Due to continuous and excessive increase in population, water-pollution is increasing and due to urbanization forest area is reducing.
• Due to deforestation and illegal hunting, number of animals and plants are decreasing day by day which leads to imbalance in environment.

Question 12. 
For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Answer:
According to the table 1.6 given on page 13 in 2017-

• In terms of per capita income, Sri Lanka has the highest (US $ 11,326) position and lowest is of Nepal (US $ 2471)
• Life expectancy at birth Sri Lanka (75.5) is at the top and Myanmar (66.6) is at the bottom.
• (Sri Lanka is at the top (10.9) and both Myanmar and Nepal are the lowest (4.9) in terms of average age of 25 years or more.
• On the basis of HDI ranking, Sri Lanka (76) is at the top and Pakistan (150) is at the bottom.

 

Question 13. 
The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal (BMI < 18.5 kg/mo) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the table and answer the following questions. 

State	Male (%)	Female (%)
Kerala Karnataka Madhya Pradesh	8.5 17 28	10 21 28
All States	20	23

Source: National Family Health Survey 4, 2015-16, http/rchiips.org
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
(i) On the basis of malnutrition Madhya Pradesh is backward than Kerala. In Kerala 8.5% males are under malnutrition and in M.P. this percentage is 28. In the same manner among females 10% females are under malnutrition in Kerala, whereas this percentage is 28 in Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) There is sufficient food available in the country even than one-fifth of people is under malnutrition. The main reason behind this is the faulty and ineffective public distribution system and food is not available to all people.

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