NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science chapter-2 Acids, Bases and Salts
1.
You have been provided with three test tubes. One of them contains distilled
water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution,
respectively. If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the
contents of each test tube?
Solution : A few drops of
red litmus solution is added to each test tube. Red colour will become light in
the test tube containing water. Colour will turn blue in test tube containing
basic solution. Red colour will become dark in the test tube containing acidic
solution.
2. Why should curd and sour substances not be
kept in brass and copper vessels?
Solution : Brass and
copper vessels contain copper and zinc metal that reacts with acids present in
curd and sour substance forming soluble salts. These salts are poisonous in
nature and make curd unfit for consumption.
3. Which gas is usually liberated when an
acid reacts with a metal? Illustrate with an example. How will you test for the
presence of this gas?
Solution : When an acid
reacts with any metal, salt and hydrogen gas are formed.
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen gas
When a burning candle or matchstick is bought near hydrogen gas it burns with
pop sound.
4. Metal compound A reacts with dilute
hydrochloric acid to produce effervescence. The gas evolved extinguishes a
burning candle. Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction if one of
the compounds formed is calcium chloride?
Solution : As one of the
compounds formed is calcium chloride, metal compound ‘A’ is salt of calcium.
Burning candle is extinguished by carbon dioxide so carbon dioxide gas is
produced by reaction of ‘A’ with hydrochloric acid.
Carbon dioxide is produced by action of HCl on carbonate that means ‘A’ is
calcium carbonate.
CaCO3 + HCI ⟶ CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(Calcium
Carbonate)
(Calcium Chloride)
5. Why do HCl, HNO3 , etc., show acidic characters in aqueous
solutions while solutions of compounds like alcohol and glucose do not show
acidic character?
Solution : The
dissociation of HCI or HNO3 to
form hydrogen ions always occurs in the presence of water. Hydrogen ions (H+) combine with H2O to form hydronium ions 3O+
The reaction is as follows:
HCl(aq) ⟶ H++Cl−
H++H2O ⟶ H3O+
6. Why does an aqueous solution of an acid
conduct electricity?
Solution : Acids
dissociate in aqueous solutions to form ions. These ions are responsible for
conduction of electricity.
7. Why does dry HCl gas not change the colour
of the dry litmus paper?
Solution : Colour of the
litmus paper is changed by the hydrogen ions. Dry HCI gas does not contain H+
ions. It is only in the aqueous solution that an acid dissociates to give ions.
Since in this case, neither HCI is in the aqueous form nor the litmus paper is
wet, therefore, the colour of the litmus paper does not change.
8. While diluting an acid, why is it
recommended that the acid should be added to water and not water to the acid?
Solution : Since the
process of dissolving an acid in water is exothermic, it is always recommended
that acid should be added to water. If it is done the other way, then it is
possible that because of the large amount of heat generated, the mixture splashes
out and causes burns.
9.
How is the concentration of hydronium ions H3O+ affected
when a solution of an acid is diluted?
Solution : When an acid is
diluted, the concentration of hydronium ions H3O+ per
unit volume decreases. This means that the strength of the acid decreases.
10. How is the concentration of hydroxide
ions OH− affected when excess
base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide?
Solution : The
concentration of hydroxide ions OH− would
increase when excess base is dissolved in a solution of sodium hydroxide.
11. You have two solutions, A and B. The pH
of solution A is 6 and pH of solution B is 8. Which solution has more hydrogen
ion concentration? Which of this is acidic and which one is basic?
Solution : A pH value of
less than 7 indicates an acidic solution, while greater than 7 indicates a basic
solution. Therefore, the solution with pH = 6 is acidic and has more hydrogen
ion concentration than the solution of pH = 8 which is basic.
12. What effect does the concentration of H+ (aq) ions have on the nature of the
solution?
Solution : concentration
of H+ (aq) can have a varied
effect on the nature of the solution.With an increase in ion concentration, the
solution becomes more acidic, while a decrease of H+ ion
causes an increase in the basicity of the solution.
13. Do basic solutions also have H+(aq) ions? If yes, then why are these
basic?
Solution : Yes, basic
solution also has H+(aq) ions.
However, their concentration is less as compared to the concentration of OH− ions that makes the solution basic.
14. Under what soil condition do you think a
farmer would treat the soil of his fields with quick lime (calcium oxide) or
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) or chalk (calcium carbonate)?
Solution : If the soil is
acidic and improper for cultivation, then to increase the basicity of soil, the
farmer would treat the soil with quicklime or slaked lime or chalk
2NaHCO3 ⟶ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
15. What is the common name of the compound
CaOCl2?
Solution : Bleaching
powder.
16. Name the substance which on treatment
with chlorine yields bleaching powder.
Solution : Slaked lime or
calcium hydroxide.
17. Name the sodium compound which is used
for softening hard water.
Solution : Sodium
carbonate is used for softening hard water.
18. What will happen if a solution of sodium
hydrocarbonate is heated? Give the equation of the reaction involved.
Solution : When a solution
of sodium hydrocarbonate (sodium hydrogen carbonate) is heated, sodium
carbonate and water are formed with the evolution of carbon dioxide gas.
19. Write an equation to show the reaction
between Plaster of Paris and water.
Solution : The chemical
equation for the reaction of Plaster of Paris and water is
CaSO4.1/2H2O
+ 3/2H2O → CaSO4.2H2O
20. A solution turns red litmus blue, its pH
is likely to be
(a) 1
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 10
Solution : (d) 10
21. A solution reacts with crushed egg-shells
to give a gas that turns lime-water milky. The solution contains
(a) NaCl
(b) HCl
(c) LiCl
(d) KCl
Solution : (b) The
solution contains HCI.
23. 10 mL of a solution of NaOH is found to
be completely neutralised by 8 mL of a given solution of HCl. If we take 20 mL
of the same solution of NaOH, the amount HCl solution (the same solution as
before) required to neutralise it will be
(a) 4 mL
(b) 8 mL
(c) 12 mL
(d) 16 mL
Solution : (d) 16 mL
24. Which one of the following types of
medicines is used for treating indigestion?
(a) Antibiotic
(b) Analgesic
(c) Antacid
(d) Antiseptic
Solution : (c) Antacid is
used for treating indigestion.
25. Write word equations and then balanced
equations for the reaction taking place when -
(a) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with zinc granules.
(b) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with magnesium ribbon.
(c) dilute sulphuric acid reacts with aluminium powder.
(d) dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with iron filings.
Solution :
(a) Zinc + Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate +Hydrogen
H2SO4(aq) +
Zn(s) ⟶ ZnSO4(aq) + H2 (g)
(b) Magnesium + Sulphuric acid magnesium chloride +Hydrogen gas
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq)
+ H2(g)
(c) Aluminum + Sulphuric acid Aluminum sulphate +Hydrogen gas
3H2SO4 + 2Al → Al2(SO4)3 +
3H2
(d) Iron + Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride +Hydrogen
6HCl(aq) + 3Fe(s) → 3FeCl2(aq)
+ 3H2(g)
26. Compounds such as alcohols and glucose
also contain hydrogen but are not categorised as acids. Describe an Activity to
prove it.
Solution : lcohol and
glucose both contain hydrogen but not categorized as acids. This can be proved
by following activity.
Material required :- Beaker,
nails, battery, connecting wires, bulb, switch and alcohols.
Procedure :
1. Set up the experiment as follows
2. Take ethyl alcohol in the beaker in the beaker.
3. When the switch is turned on, the bulb does not glow.
4. Take glucose solution in place of alcohols but bulb does not glow.
27. Why does distilled water not conduct
electricity, whereas rain water does?
Solution : Distilled water
is a pure form of water and is devoid of any ionic species. Therefore, it does
not conduct electricity. Rain water, being an impure form of water, contains
many ionic species such as acids and therefore it conducts electricity.
28. Why do acids not show acidic behaviour in
the absence of water?
Solution : Acids do not
show acidic behaviour in the absence of water because the dissociation of
hydrogen ions from an acid occurs in the presence of water only. It is the
hydrogen ions that are responsible for the acidic behaviour.
29. Five solutions A,B,C,D and E when tested
with universal indicator showed pH as 4,1,11,7 and 9, respectively. Which
solution is
(a) neutral?
(b) strongly alkaline?
(c) strongly acidic?
(d) weakly acidic?
(e) weakly alkaline?
Arrange the pH in increasing order of hydrogen-ion concentration
Solution :
(a) D
(b) C
(c) B
(d) A
(e) E
30. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are
taken in test tubes A and B. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to test tube A,
while acetic acid (CH3COOH)
is added to test tube B. Amount and concentration taken for both the acids are
same. In which test tube will the fizzing occur more vigorously and why?
Solution : HCl is stronger
acid than CH3COOH.
Therefore, H+ ions concentration in test tube A will be more than that in test
tube B. hence, reaction will take place faster in test tube A than in test tube
B. so, fizzing will occur more vigorously in test tube B.
31. Fresh milk has a pH of 6. How do you
think the pH will change as it turns into curd? Explain your answer.
Solution : The pH of milk
is 6. As it changes to curd, the pH will reduce because curd is acidic in
nature. The acids present in it decrease the PH.
32. A milkman adds a very small amount of
baking soda to fresh milk.
(a) Why does he shift the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline?
(b) Why does this milk take a long time to set as curd?
Solution :
(a) The milkman shifts the pH of the fresh milk from 6 to slightly alkaline
because in alkaline condition, milk does not set as curd easily.
(b) Since this milk is slightly basic than usual milk, acids produced to set
the curd are neutralized by the base. Therefore, it takes a longer time for the
curd to set.
33. Plaster of Paris should be stored in a
moisture-proof container. Explain why?
Solution : Plaster of Paris
reacts with moisture to form gypsum and sets to a hard mass. Therefore, it
should be stored in moisture-proof container.
34. What is a neutralisation reaction? Give
two examples.
Solution : A reaction in
which an acid and base react with each other to give a salt and water is termed
as neutralization reaction. In this reaction, energy is evolved in the form of
heat.
For example :- NaOH + HCl
⟶ NaCl+H2O
(ii) During indigestion (caused due to the production of excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach), we administer an antacid (generally milk of magnesia, Mg(OH)2 which is basic in nature). The antacid neutralizes the excess of acids and thus gives relief from indigestion.
Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2+2H2O
35. Give two important uses of washing soda and baking soda.
Solution :
Uses of washing soda :
(i) As cleansing agent.
(ii) Removing permanent hardness of water.
(iii) Used in glass, soap and paper industries.
Uses of baking soda :
(i) For making baking powder
(ii) As ingredient of antacid.
Either way the teacher or student will get the solution to the problem within 24 hours.